ACI (American Concerete Institute) Collection.

 ACI (American Concerete Institute) Collection. 

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"Pile load test using crown anchor method"

"Pile load test using crown anchor method"

မသိေသးသူမ်ားအတြက္ ဗဟုသုတပါ၊
Method တစ္ခုကိုအသံုးျပဳရင္ အားနည္းခ်က္အားသာခ်က္ေတြကိုသိထားသင့္ပါတယ္၊
ဒီ method ရဲ႕အားသားခ်က္ကေတာ့အမ်ားႀကီးရွိပါတယ္၊

အားနည္းခ်က္ေတြကိုလည္း အင္ဂ်င္နီယာတစ္ေယာက္အတြက္သိထားရမွာပါ။ သိျခင္းဆိုရာမွာ သာမာန္သိျခင္းထက္ သီအိုရီ သေဘာတရားအရသိထားသင့္ပါတယ္။

လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ေလးႏွစ္ေလာက္ကရန္ကုန္မွာလူသိမ်ားတဲ့
project တစ္ခုမွာအသံုးျပဳခဲ့ပါတယ္
Load test result မွာ pile settlement ဟာမထင္မွတ္
ေလာက္ေအာင္နည္းေနပါတယ္၊ Load test အရ 2 mm ေလာက္ဘဲရွိပါတယ္။ သာမန္အားျဖင့္ေတြးရင္ေတာ့ pile capacity တြက္တဲ့အခါ Over estimation ျဖစ္လို႔ဘဲလို႔ထင္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
တကယ္တြက္ၾကည့္မယ္ဆိုရင္ ျဖစ္လာတဲ့ pile displacement ဟာ concrete stiffness အရ ျဖစ္မဲ့ displacement ထက္ေတာင္နည္းေနပါေသးတယ္။
ဘာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ရတာလဲ စစ္ေဆးတဲ့အခါ---
- ပံုထဲမွာျပထားသလို pile upper section ဟာ
Anchor pile နဲ႔သိပ္နီးေနတာေတြ႕ရတယ္။
- နီးရံုမကဘူး test preparation လုပ္စဥ္မွာ anchor pile
ရဲ႕ free length ဟာသတ္မွတ္တဲ့ length မရွိဘဲ
လုပ္တဲ့သူေတြက hole အျပည့္နီးပါ grouting
လုပ္ထားတယ္
- ဒီေတာ့ testing လုပ္တဲ့အခါ anchor pile ေၾကာင့္
ျဖစ္လာတဲ့ uplift pressure (due to volume
increase of soil) က test pile ရဲ႕ skin friction
ကိုမ်ားစြာတက္လာေစၿပီး pile capacity ေကာင္း
သလိုျဖစ္သြားျခင္းပါ။

ဒါေၾကာင့္ ASTM D1143, code of practice မွာ test pile နဲ႔ Largest Anchor pile ရဲ႕ clear distance ကို အနည္းဆံုး ၅ ဆ ယူခိုင္းပါတယ္။
- crown ရဲ႕ size အေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး လိုအပ္တဲ့
free length ကိုထားရပါမယ္။
- grouting လုပ္ရမဲ့ depth ထိ clear distance
အနည္းဆံုး ၅ ဆ ရွိရပါမယ္၊

Crown movement တိုင္းတာမဲ့ beam support ကိုလဲ
အနည္းဆံုး 2.5 ဆ ယူရပါမယ္။

ဒီmethod နဲ႔ pile load test လုပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ operation လုပ္မဲ့သူဟာ တိက်မႈမ်ားစြာလိုပါတယ္။

knowledge အတြက္ပါ။
Credit https://www.facebook.com/yu.maung.549
Dr Yu Maung

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Soil Subgrade Reaction

Modulus of subgrade reaction of soil is considered when the elastic behavior of the soil is used for the analysis. Today there are may software that can be used to model the soil with subgrade reaction. If we know the modulus of subgrade reaction, elastic behavior of the soil can be model. SAP2000, Etabs and other similar structural analysis software have the capability of modeling soil.
Designers analyzed the structures assuming they behave as a rigid body in the fast. Today, technology has developed and there are may software than can be used to model the soil.
Analysis of raft foundations, combined footings, analysis of piles for lateral loads and model the buckling of piles in weak ground. There are many methods to find the subgrade reaction using the bearing capacity or standard penetration value(SPT) in addition to testing methods.
Methods of obtaining the subgrader reaction is given in the book, foundation analysis and design by Bowles. Simplified empirical equation is given to calculate the subgrade reaction. Following is extracted from the bowles foundation analysis and design book.
"It has been found that bending moments and the computed soil pressure are not very sensitive to what is used for ks because the structural member stiffness is usually 10 or more times as great as the soil stiffness as defined by ks. Recognizing this, the author has suggested the following for approximating ks from the allowable bearing capacity qa furnished by the geotechnical consultant:

SI  : ks = 40(SF)qa            kN/m3
Fps: ks = l2(SF)qa             k/ft3             (9-9)

where qa is furnished in ksf or kPa. This equation is based on qa = qult/SF and the ultimate
soil pressure is at a settlement ∆H = 0.0254 m or 1 in. (1/12 ft) and ks is qult/AH. For
AH = 6, 12, 20 mm, etc., the factor 40 (or 12) can be adjusted to 160 (or 48), 83 (or 24), 50
(or 16), etc.; 40 is reasonably conservative but smaller assumed displacements can always
be used."
If we know the allowable baring capacity and the safety factor used to find the allowable bearing capacity, subgrade reaction can be calculated. Generally for cohesive soils a factor of 3 and cohesionless soils a factor of 2 are assumed by the engineers. However, it is advisable to get the correct factor of safety from geotechnical engineer.
Subgrade reaction found from above equation can be used to model raft foundations, footings and combined footings. However, when we model piles, it is better to refer some other method of obtaining sub-grade reaction even though this above method may be used for the analysis.

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DeckingSheet with Shear Stud အၾကံျပဳ ခ်က္(၉)ခ်က္။

#Civil_Engineer_ညီငယ္ညီမငယ္မ်ားအတြက္
#DeckingSheet with Shear Stud အၾကံျပဳ ခ်က္(၉)ခ်က္။
1. Decking Sheet ဆိုသည္မွာ
dacking sheet ကို၊ aluminum ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ zinc galvanized steel ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ျပဳ လုပ္ထားၿပီး၊ ၄င္းသည္ ၾကံ့ခိုင္ျခင္း၊ ဒူေပဒါေပခံျခင္းတို႔ေၾကာင့္၊ floorမ်ား၊ roof မ်ား တည္ေဆာက္ရာတြင္၊ platform = ေအာက္ခံ အျဖစ္၊ အမ်ားအျပား အသံုးျပဳ ၾကပါသည္။ ထို႔အျပင္၊ ကုန္က် စရိတ္လည္း၊ သက္သာ ေစပါသည္။
Decking Sheet၏၊ အားသာခ်က္မ်ားမွာ။
1.1 Concrete volum ကို၊ ေလ်ာ့ခ်ႏိုင္သည္။
1.2 temporary formwork စရိတ္ကို၊ ပယ္ဖ်က္ႏိုင္သည္။
1.3 လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ေလ်ာ့သြားသည့္အတြက္၊ တည္ေဆာက္စရိတ္ကို၊ ေလ်ာ့ခ်ႏိုင္သည္။
1.4 လြယ္ကူလ်င္ျမန္စြာ၊ တပ္ဆင္ႏိုင္သည္။
1.5 သိုေလွာင္စရိတ္မရွိေပ။
2. Shear stud ဆိုသည္မွာ
Shear stud ဆိုသည္မွာ၊ concrete slab ႏွင့္ steel beam တို႔၏၊ အဆက္အစပ္သည္၊ shear loading ကိုခံႏိုင္ ေအာင္၊ တနည္းအားျဖင့္၊ ပြတ္တိုက္ေရႊ႕လ်ားမႈမျဖစ္ေအာင္၊ တခုႏွင့္တခု ဆက္စပ္ခိုင္ျမဲသြားေစသည့္၊ အရာျဖစ္ သည္။ အမ်ားသေဘာပါေအာင္၊ ေျပာရမည္ဆိုပါက၊ သစ္သားၾကမ္းခင္းျပားကို၊ ဆင့္ႏွင့္ သံစြဲသကဲ့သို႔၊ dacking sheet အေပၚက၊ ကြန္ကရစ္ၾကမ္းခင္းကို၊ dacking sheet ေအာက္က၊ သံယကၼႏွင့္ သံရိုက္ေပးလိုက္ျခင္း သေဘာ ေပတည္း။
2.1 Shear Stud ကို steel ျဖင့္ျပဳလုပ္ထားပါသည္။ ဝယ္ယူသည့္အခါ ceramic ferrule - ေျမက်က္ကရြတ္ျဖင့္၊ တြဲ လ် က္ဝယ္ယူရပါသည္။ ဝရိန္ေဆာ္သည့္အခါ Stud ႏွင့္ beam တို႔၊ တြဲဆက္မႈ ေသခ်ာေစရန္အတြက္၊ ceramic ferrule ကို၊ အသံုးျပဳ ရျခင္း၊ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
2.2 shear Stud ကို၊ အရွည္ႏွင့္အရြယ္အစား အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ဝယ္ယူရရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။
2.3 ဝရိန္တို႔သည့္အခါ၊ shear Stud ၏၊ အလ်ားသည္ 5mm ခန္႔၊ တိုသြားတပ္ပါသည္။
2.4 ceramic ferrule - ေျမက်က္ကရြတ္သည္၊ ဝရိမ္တို႔လို႔၊ သံအရည္ေပ်ာ္ေသာအခါ၊ သံရည္ပူမ်ား၊ မစင္ေအာင္၊ ကာထားေပးပါသည္။
2.5 shear connection ဟူသည္၊ ေအာက္ပါ ၅ မ်ိဳးကို၊ ဆက္စပ္ေပးထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။
a. shear stud,
b. steel decking sheet,
c. slab rebar or steel mesh,
d. concrete slab, and
e. steel beam top flange
3. Design (ကြကိုဖတ္ပါေလ။)
4. အၾကံျပဳ ခ်က္(၉)ခ်က္။
4.1 welding မတို႔မီ၊ Steel deck ၏၊ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ကို၊ သန္႔ရွင္းေရး ျပဳ လုပ္ပါ။
4.2 steel deck ခင္းၿပီးေနာက္၊ ၄င္း၏မ် က္ႏွာျပင္ေပၚသို႔၊ ညစ္ေပေနေသာ၊ အညစ္အေၾကးမ်ား၊ ေဆးစက္မ်ား၊ ဆီမ်ား၊ ေရမ်ား၊ မက် ေရာက္ေအာင္၊ ဂရုျပဳ ပါ။
4.3 လုပ္ငန္းမစတင္မီ၊ shears stud အနည္းငယ္ကို၊ အစမ္းတို႔ၾကည့္ပါ။
4.4 steel construction ၏ hardness မ်ားသည္၊ တေနရာႏွင့္တေနရာ၊ မတူညီမႈမ်ား၊ ျဖစ္ခ်င္လည္း၊ ျဖစ္တပ္ပါသျဖင့္၊ မတူညီေသာေနရာမ်ားတြင္၊ ထပ္မံစမ္းသပ္တို႔ၾကည့္ပါ။
4.5 welding gun ကို၊ steel deck ေပၚတြင္၊ မည္သည့္အခါမၽွမတင္ပါနဲ႔။ ေဘးအႏၲရာယ္ ျဖစ္တပ္ပါသည္။
4.6 welding တို႔ၿပီးရင္၊ stub သည္၊ 5mm ခန္႔၊ တိုသြားတပ္သည္ကို၊ သတိျပဳ ပါ။
4.7 shear stud အေပၚတြင္၊ concrete cover အလံုအေလာက္ရွိေအာင္၊ သတိျပဳ ပါ။
4.8 Ceramic ferrule မ်ားကို၊ ကြန္ကရစ္ေလာင္းကာနီးေသာ္၊ ဖယ္ထုတ္ျပစ္ပါ။
4.9 steel mesh တပ္ဆင္သည့္အခါ၊ Additional reinforcement ထည့္ေပးပါ။
1. What is dacking sheet
Metal Decking Sheets are made up of metals like aluminum, zinc galvanized steel and are widely used as the strong and durable platforms for floors, roofs etc. Metal Decking Sheets are used as the valuable part of the construction as these are helpful to reduce excessive costs involved. In industries, high-rise building structures, houses, these sheets are much preferred.
Advantages:
1. 1. Reduced Concrete usage by reducing slab thickness due to its own tensile strength.
1. 2. Provide Strong and efficient permanent formwork and eliminates use of temporary formwork for concerete slab casting.
1.3. Reduced cost of construction.
1.4. Quick and easy installation.
1.5. Clean and less storage space required as compared to temporary scafolding formworks.
Application:
- Highrise Buildings
- Mezzanine Floors
- Steel Floor Decks
2. What is Shear Connector Stud?
Shear Connector Studs are designed to tie the concrete slab to the steel beams and to resist shear loadings between the concrete slab and steel beam in composite construction. This enables us to load up to 1000 kg/m² instead of the usual load which is much less. The procedure saves time and therefore money as well due to its simplicity.
Each weld cycle depends on the diameter of the fastener and the material being joined and takes up to only 1 second. Welding currents range from 240 to 3000 amps.
2.1 The Shear Stud is made of steel and it is delivered with a ceramic ferrule to ensure a good connection of the Stud with the beam.
2.2 The shear Studs are available in different lengths and diameters .
2.3 The length of the Stud will be reduced by approximately 5mm during the welding process.
2.4 All Shear Studs are supplied with ferrules. The ferrules are made of clay and able to withstand heat shock as well as high temperatures without melting or breaking.
2.5 The shear connection of a composite beam comprises five elements that can all influence behaviour.
They include
2.5 shear connection ဟူသည္၊ ေအာက္ပါ ၅ မ်ိဳးကို၊ ဆက္စပ္ေပးထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။
a. the shear stud connectors,
b. profiled steel sheeting(steel deck),
c. slab reinforcement (rebar or steel mesh) ,
d. concrete slab and
e. steel beam top flange.
3. Design
In such design the shear Stud connects the steel deck to the concrete slab.
Shear Stud Connectors are the most important element in Composite Beam design securing the concrete to steel structural components. Shear Stus Connectors resist shear forces and increase shear loading capacity in steel buildings,bridges,
Design of the shear stud connector is very important because
3.1- it affects the choice of a suitable ultimate strength design method for the composite beam
3.2-The economics and speed of construction
3.3-The stability of the steel beam
3.4-The safety of steel beam against collapsing
4. WELDING SHEAR STUD CONNECTOR NSTALLATION WELDING TIPS
The longitudinal shear connection between the steel section and the concrete is provided by shear connectors, which normally take the form of studs welded to the top of the steel section.
All connectors should be capable of resisting uplift forces caused by the tendency for the slab to separate from the beam as it bends.
In the case of shear studs this is achieved by the head of the stud.
Although shear connectors ensure adequate fixing of the decking to the beam, they are not needed simply to achieve this.
They should only be used when it is desired to achieve composite action between the slab and the steel beam.
4.1. The Steel deck surface should be cleaned before any welding process starts
4.2. After the installation of the steel deck the surface should not have any dirt, paint spill overs, oil or water.
4.3. In case of welding over the steel deck additional welding time and the ampere of the electrical current should be taken into account. Few shears stud should be tested before carrying on with the rest of the welding.
4.4. Further testing should be carried out in different parts of the surface as well; as the steel construction hardness may be different
4.5. The welding gun should not be placed on the steel deck at any time as there is risk of short circuit as it touches the steel deck
4.6. After welding the shear stud loses some of its height they are about 5mm shorter
4.7. Sufficient concrete cover should be provided over the shear studs
4.8. Ceramic ferrules left over from the shear studding process can be left distributed over the decking surface and lost within the concrete pour.
4.9. Additional reinforcement in shallow places of the steel deck should be provided in addition to steel mesh installation.
#CredittoSayar_kyawlwinhtun
#Design_Age_FJ

Credit 

Sir Zaw-Basic Civil Engineering Estimate Class

CE DataWoroldဖတ္ရန္>>>>>>>>> 

"ရန္ကုန္မိုးနဲ႔ Basement ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း"

 

 Credit - Dr .Yu Maung

 "ရန္ကုန္မိုးနဲ႔ Basement ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း"

ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွာ basement ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းလုပ္
ၾကေတာ့ ကိုယ္တိုင္ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္သလို ႏိုင္ငံတကာဒီဇိုင္းေတြလဲ
စစ္ေဆးခဲ့ရတယ္။
အမ်ားဆံုးသံုးၾကတဲ့ basement support types
ေတြကေတာ့>>>
1- Diaphragm wall
2- secant pile bored pile wall
3- Contiguous bored pile wall
4- Soldier pile and timber lagging
5- Ground anchor and bored pile wall
6- Soil nail
>>> ဘယ္ support type သံုးသင့္သလဲ
ေရႊးခ်ယ္ရင္ေတာ့ အေျခခံတဲ့အခ်က္
(ကုန္က်မႈကအစေပါ့) အမ်ားႀကီးထဲက geotechnical condition ကိုအေျခခံေျပာရမယ္ဆိုရင္~~~~
ႏိုင္ငံျခားဒီဇိုင္နာေတြကလဲသူ႔အေတြ႕အၾကံဳအရ ေျပာမွာဘဲ
အေကာင္းအဆိုး သင့္ေတာ္မႈေတြကိုဆံုးျဖတ္ၾကလိမ့္မယ္။
ဒီလိုဆံုးျဖတ္တဲ့အခါ soil ရဲ႕ properties တစ္ခုထဲသာမက soil ရဲ႕ behavior ဟာ အင္မတန္အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။
soil behavior ကေတာ့ ေရရွည္ေရတိုအခ်ိန္ကာလမွာ
သို႔မဟုတ္ ေႏြရာသီ မိုးရာသီမွာ soil nature ေျပာင္း
လဲမႈေတြပါ။
တိုးတက္ၿပီးႏ္ိုင္ငံေတြမွာ urban drainage system
ေကာင္းေနရင္ ဒါေတာင္ basement သို႔မဟုတ္
underground တည္ေဆာက္ေရးအတြက္ 30 years,
50 years အေရးႀကီးအေဆာက္အဦးေတြအတြက္ဆိုရင္ 100 year flood cycle အတြက္စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။
က်ေနာ္တို႔ရန္ကုန္အေနနဲ႔ proper drainage system
မရွိေသးတဲ့အတြက္ တည္ေဆာက္မဲ့ေနရာပတ္ဝန္းက်င္
ကလဲစဥ္းစားရမဲ့အခ်က္တစ္ခုပါ။
ရန္ကုန္မိုးက မိုးတြင္းကာလမွာရႊာရင္ မိုးေရခ်ိန္မ်ားပါတယ္
surface water သာမက underground water ေၾကာင့္ soil behavior ဟာ ေႏြကာလနဲ႔ႏွိုဳင္းရင္
မ်ားစြာေျပာင္းလဲေစပါတယ္။
မိုးမ်ားလာရင္လက္ရွိအျဖစ္မ်ားေနၾကတဲ့ျပႆနာက~~~
- Contiguous bored pile wall သံုးၿပီး skin wall မပါတာ
- Secant bored pile wall သံုးၿပီး မတိက်ေသာ piling work ေၾကာင့္ water seepage protection အတြက္ soft pile or hard pile ပ်က္စီးေနတာ
- အဲဒီလိုျဖစ္ရင္ very soft or soft soil ေတြ sequeezing ျဖစ္ပါတယ္
- very loose to loose soil ေတြမွာ soil washing out and falling စသျဖင့္အျဖစ္မ်ားေနၾကပါတယ္။
ဒါဆို ground lost ျဖစ္လာမွာပါ။
- groung lost မျဖစ္ဖို႔ soil behavior နဲ႔သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ support type ေရႊးခ်ယ္ဖို႔ပါ။ လိုအပ္တဲ့ specifications ရေအာင္ QA/QC လုပ္သင့္ပါတယ္။
ကေလးသဘာဝ ငယ္ငယ္ကမိုးရႊာရင္ေပ်ာ္တယ္၊
မိုးမ်ားေလပိုေပ်ာ္ေလ။
အခုေတာ့ ရႊာေတာ့ရႊာပါ
သီခ်င္းထဲကလိုေပါ့
"ဆည္ေျမာင္း ေခ်ာင္းကန္ ျပည့္လွ်ံၿဖိဳးေအာင္
မိုးလံုးေတြမွ် မရႊာေစခ်င္ပါေလ"
"ဆည္ေျမာင္း ေခ်ာင္းကန္ သီးႏွံတိုးေအာင္
ပုလဲလံုးေတြမွ် ရႊာေစခ်င္ပါေပ"
မိုးသံၾကားလို႔ေတြးမိ။

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"Knowledge for static pile load test"

"Knowledge for static pile load test"

Static pile load test လုပ္ၿပီးရင္ test pile ရဲ႕ clear spacing ဟာ code of practice အတိုင္းမရလို႔မၾကာခဏအေၾကာင္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးနဲ႔ ျပႆနာျဖစ္ေနရတာေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။
သီအိုရီအရေျပာျပန္ရင္လဲ လက္ေတြ႕နဲ႔မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း complaint တက္ျပန္တယ္။
တကယ္ေတာ့ code of pratice ဟာ သီအိုရီအေပၚအေျခခံ ထားတာပါ။ ASTM, BS code စသျဖင့္ ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ stanadard အေပၚမူတည္ၿပီးလိုက္နာဖို႔ ၿပီးရင္ ဒီ code ရဲ႕အေျခခံကိုသိၿပီး test လုပ္တဲ့အခါ သို႔မဟုတ္ ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္တဲ့အခါ စဥ္းစားခ်င့္ခ်ိန္ႏိုင္ဖို႔ပါ။
ဥပမာ~~~~
Static Pile load test မွာ ASTM 1143 အရ clear spacing ကို အႀကီးဆံုုး test pile သို႔မဟုတ္ anchor piles ရဲ႕ 5D ရွိရပါမယ္။ တကယ္လို႔ pile ေသးခဲ့မယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ 2 m ထက္မနည္းရပါ။
တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ code of practice ေတြမွာ clear spacing ကို
2.5D ရေအာင္ထားၾကပါတယ္။
ASTM code မွာ ဘာလို႔ 5D သတ္မွတ္ရပါသလဲ???
ပံုေတြမွာျပထားသလိုဘဲ pile depth တစ္ခုမွာ pile တူးရင္ Boring induced stress ရဲ႕ zone of influence ဟာ အဒီ pile ၏ radius ရဲ႕ 5 times (clear spacing 2D) အထိရွိပါတယ္။ တစ္နည္းေျပာရရင္ skin friction ကိုေျပာင္းလဲေစမဲ့ field stress ရဲ႕အက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈဟာ 5% အတြင္းမွာ နဂိုထဲက ( initial stress အေနနဲ႔) ရွိေနၿပီးျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Pile boring လုပ္ေနစဥ္အတြင္း hole stability (soil stability) ထိန္းထားႏိုင္မႈအေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး influenced zone ဟာ ပို၍မ်ားလာမွာပါ။
ပိုမ်ားလာတာနဲ႔အမွ် pile ေတြရဲ႕ interaction ေၾကာင့္ pile capacity က်သြားမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္ တစ္နည္အားျဖင့္စမ္းသပ္တဲ့ pile capacity ( ULT အတြက္ skin friction value) အတိအက်မရႏိုင္ပါ။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ ASTM မွာ piling method and soil stabilization experiences အရ pile ေတြရဲ႕ clear spacing ကို influenced zone of induced stress အတြင္းမျဖစ္ေအာင္သတ္မွတ္ထားျခင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဥပမာ~~~~~~
Boring လုပ္ေနစဥ္အတြင္း influenced zone ဟာ 0.5D တိုးလာသည္ဆိုပါစို႔--
အဲဒီအေျခအေနမွာ ASTM အတိုင္း 5D ယူထားႏိုင္မွသာလွ်င္ actual field Stress ရဲ႕ 5% (negative effect)
အတြင္းသာအက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္ေနမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
clear spacing ေၾကာင့္ skin friction အေပၚ
အက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္ႏိုင္တဲ့ပမာဏမ်ား--
1D- မူလ skin friction အေပၚအကိ်ဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈ 25%
2D- မူလ skin friction အေပၚအကိ်ဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈ 12%
3D- မူလ skin friction အေပၚအကိ်ဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈ 6%
4D- မူလ skin friction အေပၚအကိ်ဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈ 4%
(Negative effect ကိုဆိုလိုပါသည္)
အထက္ပါကိ်ဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈအျပင္ piling method, pile installation time နဲ႔ soil stabilization ရဲ႕အကိ်ဳး
သက္ေရာက္မႈကိုပါထည့္စဥ္းစားသင့္ပါသည္။
ဘာဘဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္လက္ေတြ႕ pile load test လုပ္ရင္ေတာ့
ရရွိေသာ clear spacing အေျခအေနေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး
test မလုပ္မီ သို႔မဟုတ္ ဒီဇိုင္းမလုပ္မီ ခ်င့္ခ်ိန္ႏိုင္ရန္
တင္ျပျခင္:သာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
မွတ္ခ်က္။
code of practice အတိုင္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ႏွင့္
မတူညီေသာ code of practice မ်ားအတြက္ခ်င့္ခ်ိန္ႏိုင္ရန္။

Credot - Dr Yu Maung 

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Autodesk Revit 2017 Content

The below links represent the Family Templates, Project Templates and Family Libraries provided within the Revit 2017 product installation for all supported languages and locales.

To apply the content files:

• Download the desired content executable to a local location
• Launch the content executable from the saved local location
• Specify the desired content location (Default destination folder “C:\Program Data\Autodesk\RVT 2017”) and choose Extract.

English

	RVT2017_ENU_Imperial_FamTemplates_Templates (exe - 87MB)
	RVT2017_ENU_Metric_FamTemplates_Templates (exe - 1.6GB)
	RVT2017_AUS_Libraries.exe (exe - 758MB) Australia
	RVT2017_BEL_Libraries.exe (exe - 859MB) Belgium
	RVT2017_CAN_Libraries.exe (exe - 806MB) Canada
	RVT2017_DNK_Libraries.exe (exe - 800MB) Denmark
	RVT2017_EGY_Libraries.exe (exe - 292MB) Egypt
	RVT2017_FIN_Libraries.exe (exe - 835MB) Finland
	RVT2017_GRC_Libraries.exe (exe - 830MB) Greece
	RVT2017_Hong_Kong_Libraries.exe (exe - 794MB) Hong Kong
	RVT2017_ISL_Libraries.exe (exe - 830MB) Iceland
	RVT2017_IND_Libraries.exe (exe - 807MB) India
	RVT2017_MSY_Libraries.exe (exe - 794MB) Malaysia
	RVT2017_NLD_Libraries.exe (exe - 841MB) Netherland
	RVT2017_NZL_Libraries.exe (exe - 622MB) New Zealand
	RVT2017_NOR_Libraries.exe (exe - 833MB) Norway
	RVT2017_PRT_Libraries.exe (exe - 790MB) Portugal
	RVT2017_ROU_Libraries.exe (exe - 826MB) Romania
	RVT2017_SGP_Libraries.exe (exe- 916MB) Singapore
	RVT2017_ZAF_Libraries.exe (exe - 786MB) South Africa
	RVT2017_South_Asia_Libraries.exe (exe - 830MB) South Asia
	RVT2017_SWE_Libraries.exe (exe - 831MB) Sweden
	RVT2017_THA_Libraries.exe (exe - 789MB) Thailand
	RVT2017_GBR_Libraries.exe (exe - 947MB) United Kingdom
	RVT2017_USA_Imperial_Libraries.exe (exe - 877MB) United States Imperial
	RVT2017_USA_Metric_Libraries.exe (exe - 779MB) United States Metric

Chinese Simplified

	RVT2017_CHS_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 80MB)
	RVT2017_CHS_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.45GB)

Chinese Traditional

	RVT2017_CHT_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 71MB)
	RVT2017_CHT_Libraries.exe (exe - 710MB)

Czech

	RVT2017_CSY_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 74MB)
	RVT2017_CSY_Libraries.exe (exe - 638MB)

French

	RVT2017_FRA_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 83MB)
	RVT2017_FRA_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.1GB)

German

	RVT2017_AUT_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 0.25MB) Austria
	RVT2017_AUT_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.6GB) Austria
	RVT2017_CHE_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 0.25MB) Switzerland
	RVT2017_CHE_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.4MB) Switzerland
	RVT2017_DEU_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 60MB) Germany
	RVT2017_DEU_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.5GB) Germany

Italian

	RVT2017_ITA_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 86MB)
	RVT2017_ITA_Libraries.exe (exe - 813MB)

Japanese

	RVT2017_JPN_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 100MB)
	RVT2017_JPN_Libraries.exe (exe - 1.7GB)

Korean

	RVT2017_KOR_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 31MB)
	RVT2017_KOR_Libraries.exe (exe - 732MB)

Polish

	RVT2017_PLK_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 73MB)
	RVT2017_PLK_Libraries.exe (exe - 600MB)

Portuguese

	RVT2017_PTB_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 72MB)
	RVT2017_PTB_Libraries.exe (exe - 853MB)

Russian

	RVT2017_BLR_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 50MB) Belarus
	RVT2017_BLR_Libraries.exe (exe - 895MB) Belarus
	RVT2017_RUS_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 76MB) Russia
	RVT2017_RUS_Libraries.exe (exe - 895MB) Russia
	RVT2017_UKR_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 50MB) Ukraine
	RVT2017_UKR_Libraries.exe (exe - 895MB) Ukraine

Spanish

	RVT2017_ESP_FamTemplates_Templates.exe (exe - 72MB)
	RVT2017_ESP_Libraries.exe (exe - 884MB)

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