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Sunday, July 31, 2016

သံေခ်ာင္းေတြရဲ႕ အေလးခ်ိန္တြက္ရေအာင္

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Wednesday, July 27, 2016

Etabs 2015 activation problems

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Etabs 2015 activation problems : etabs 2015 ကုိcrack file သံုးျပီး ဖြင့္တာ ၁၀ ရက္ေလာက္ၾကာေတာ့ဖြင့္မရ ျဖစ္တဲ့အခါ Computer ရဲဲ႕ date ကုိ တစ္ႏွစ္ေနာက္ျပန္ဆုတ္ျပီး တစ္ႏွစ္စာ licensing
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Tuesday, July 26, 2016

Cube Strength ႏွင့္ Cylinder Strength

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Etabs 2016 Software Download

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Converting units

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Acceleration

foot/second2, meter/second2, gal, galileo, inch/second2
  • 1 m/s2 = 3.28084 ft/s2 = 100 cm/s2 = 39.37 inch per second squared (inch/s2)
  • 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2 = 30.48 cm/s2
  • 1 g = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.17405 ft/s2 = 386.1 in/s2 = 35 kph/s = 22 mph/s

Angle

  • 1 circle = 360 degrees = 400 grades = 21600 minutes = 6.28318 radians = 12 signs
  • 1 circumference = 360 degrees = 6.28318 radians
  • 1 radian = 0.15915 circumference = 57.29578 degree = 3437.747 minute = 0.63662 quadrant = 0.15915 revolution = 206265 second

Area

acre, are, barn, sq.ft., sq.in., foot2, hectare, inch2, mile2, section, meter2, township, yard2, hectares
  • 1 m2 = 1550 in2 = 10.764 ft2 = 1.1968 yd2 = 3.861x10-7 mile2
  • 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 = 144 in2 = 0.1111 yd2 = 3.587x10-8 mile2
  • 1 in2 = 6.452 cm2 = 6.452x10-4 m2 = 6.944x10-3 ft2 = 7.716x10-4 yd2 = 2.491x10-10 mile2
  • 1 yd2 = 0.8361 m2 = 1296 in2 = 9 ft2 = 0.3228x10-6 mile2
  • 1 mile2 = 2.590x106 m2 = 0.4015x1010 in2 = 2.788x107 ft2 = 3.098x106 yd2=640 Acres
  • 1 acre = 1/640 square mile = 0.404686 ha (Hectares) = 4046.86 m2 = 43560.174 Sq.Ft. (Int) = 43560 Sq.Ft. (US Survey) = 4840 Sq.Yds. = 40.46873 are
  • 1 km2 = 102 ha2 = 106 m2 = 1010 cm2 = 1012 mm2
  • 1 ha (Hectare) = 104 m2 = 108 cm2 = 1010 mm2 = 2.471 Acres
  • 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2 = 0.155 in2
  • 1 mm2 = 1.55x10-3in2
  • 1 township = 36 square mile = 23040 acre = 36 section = 9.323957 107 m2 = 9324 hectare = 93.24 square kilometer
  • 1 section = 1 square mile = 2.59 106 m2 = 2.59 square kilometer = 259 hectare = 3.0976 106 square yards = 640 acre = 
  • 1 are = 0.024711 acre (Int) = 1 sq dekameter = 1076.39 sq foot = 100 sq meter = 3.86102x10-5 sq mile = 119.599 sq yard
  • 1 barn = 1x10-24 sq cm
  • 1 centiare = 0.01 are = 10.764 sq foot = 1550 sq inch = 1 sq meter = 1.19599 sq yard
  • 1 circular mil = 1x10-6 circular inch = 5.06707x10-6 sq cm = 7.85398x10-7 sq inch = 0.000507 sq mm = 0.7854 sq mill
  • 1 hectare = 2.471 acre 0 100 are = 1x108 sq cm = 107639.1 sq foot = 10000 sq meter = 0.00386 sq mile = 395.367 sq rod
  • 1 rood = 1/4 acre = 1011.5 m2 = 40 sq rods = 40 sq perches
  • 1 sq rod = 1 sq perch = 30¼ sq yards = 25.2928 m2 = 1/160 acre
  • 1 arpent = about 0.85 acre = 3439.1 m2
  • 1 Marla = 30.25 Sq. Yards = 25.2928 Sq. Metres = 272.25 Sq. Feet = 0.00625 Acre = 0.05 Kanal

Japan

  • 1 tsubo = 3.306 m2
  • 1 se = 99.17 m2
  • 1 ho-ri = 15.42 km2

Russia

  • 1 kwadr. archin = 0.5058 m2
  • 1 kwadr. saschen = 4.5522 m2
  • 1 dessjatine = 10925 m2
  • 1 kwadr. werst = 1.138 km2

Capacitance

  • 1 abfarad = 1x109 farad = 1x1015 microfarad = 8.98755x1020 statfarad
  • 1 farad = 1x10-9 abfarad = 1.00049 farads (Ínt) = 1x106 microfarad = 8.98755x1011 statfarad 

Conductance

  • 1 abmho = 1000 megamho = 1x109 mho = 8.98755x1020 statmho

Current

  • 1 abampere = 10 ampere = 1.03638x10-4 faraday/sec(chem) = 2.99792x1010 statampere = 1 biot
  • 1 ampere = 0.1 abampere = 1.00015 ampere (Int) = 1 coulomb/sec = 1.03638x10-5 faraday/sec (chem) 1x106 microampere = 1000 milliampere = 2.99792x109 statampere
  • 1 ampere (Int) = 0.99985 ampere
  • 1 biot = 10 ampere

Density

kg/cubic meter, gram/centimeter3, lmb/cubic inch, lbm/cubic foot, slug/cubic foot, kilogram/cubic meter, lbm/gallon (US liq)
  • Density Water 1000 kg/m3 = 62.43 Lbs./Cu.Ft = 8.33 Lbs./Gal. = 0.1337 Cu.Ft./Gal.
  • 1 lb/ft3 = 16.018 kg/m3 = 0.016 g/cm3 = 0.00926 oz/in3 = 2.57 oz/gal (Imperial) = 2.139 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0005787 lb/in3 = 27 lb/yd3 = 0.161 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.134 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0121 ton/yd3
  • 1 slug/ft3 = 515.379 kg/m3
  • 1 kg/l = 62.43 lb/ft3
  • 1 kg/m3 = 0.001 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 0.0005780 oz/in3 = 0.16036 oz/gal (Imperial) = 0.1335 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0624 lb/ft3 = 0.000036127 lb/in3 = 1.6856 lb/yd3 = 0.010022 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.008345 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0007525 ton/yd3

Electric Charge

  • 1 abcoulomb = 0.00278 ampere-hour = 10 coulomb = 6.24151x1019 electronic charge = 1.03632x10-4 faraday (chem) = 2.99792x1010statcoulomb
  • 1 ampere hour = 360 abcoulomb = 3600 coulomb = 0.03731 faraday (chem)
  • 1 coulomb = 0.1 abcoulomb = 0.000278 ampere hour = 1 ampere second = 1.00015002 coulomb (Int) = 1.0363x10-5 faraday (chem) = 1.0360x10-5 faraday (phys) = 2.9979x109 statcoulomb

Electromotive Force, Voltage Difference

  • abvolt = 0.01 microvolt = 1x10-5 millivolt = 1x10-8 volt

Energy, Unit of Heat

British Thermal Unit (Btu), calorie, joule, kilojoule, electron volt, erg, foot lbf, foot poundal, kilocalorie, kilowatt hour, watt hour,
  • 1 J (Joule) = 0.1020 kpm = 2.778x10-7 kWh = 2.389x10-4 kcal = 0.7376 ft lbf = 1 (kg m2)/s2 = 1 watt second = 1 Nm = 9.478x10-4 Btu
  • 1 kpm = 9.80665 J = 2.724x10-6 kWh = 2.342x10-3 kcal = 7.233 ft lbf = 9.295x10-3 Btu
  • 1 kWh = 3.6x106 J = 3600 kJ = 3.671x105 kpm = 859.9 kcal = 2.656x106 ft lbf = 3.412x103 Btu
  • 1 kJ = 1 kNm = 1kWs = 0.000278 kWh = 103 J = 0.947813 Btu = 737.6 ft lbf = 0.23884 kcal
  • 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.92875x10-4 kWh = 251.996 calorie (IT - International Table calorie) = 0.252 kcal = 777.649 ft lbf = 1.0544x1010 erg = 0.293 watt hour = 0.999331 Btu (Int Steam Tab) = 0.998560 Btu (mean) = 25020.1 foot-poundal = 107.514 kg force meter = 1.0751x107 gram-force cm = 0.000393 hp-hour = 10.456 liter atm = 1054.35 wattsecond
  • 1 cal = 4.186 J
  • 1 kcal = 4186.8 J = 426.9 kp m = 1.163x10-3 kWh = 3.088 ft lbf = 3.9683 Btu = 1000 cal
  • 1 ft lbf (foot pound force) = 1.3558 J = 0.1383 kp m = 3.766x10-7 kWh = 3.238x10-4 kcal = 1.285x10-3 Btu
  • 1 hp h (horse power hour) = 2.6846x106 J = 0.7457 kWh
  • 1 erg = 1 (g cm2)/s2 = 10-7 J = 1 dyne-centimeter
  • 1 electron volt = 1 eV = 1.602x10-19 J
  • 1 Q = 1018 Btu = 1.055x1021 J
  • 1 Quad = 1015 Btu
  • 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
  • 1 kg m = 7.233 ft lb = 0.00929 Btu = 9.806 Joule

Energy per unit mass

  • 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.000278 kWh/kg = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm = 0.23884 kcal/kg
  • 1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
  • 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lbm

Energy per unit volume

  • 1 Btu/US gal = 278.7 Btu/liter

Flow - see Volume flow

Force

dyne, kilogram force (kgf), kilopound force, kip, lbf (pound force), ounce force (avoirdupois), poundal, newton
  • 1 N (Newton) = 0.1020 kp = 7.233 pdl = 7.233/32.174 lbf = 0.2248 lbf = 1 (kg m)/s2 = 105 dyne = 1/9.80665 kgf
  • 1 lbf (Pound force) = 4.44822 N = 0.4536 kp = 32.17 pdl = 4.448x105 dyn
  • 1 dyne = 1 (g cm)/s2
  • 1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
  • 1 kp (Kilopond) = 9.80665 N = 2.205 lbf = 70.93 pdl
  • 1 pdl (Poundal) = 0.13826 N = 0.01409 kp = 0.03108 lbf
  • a kip is a non-SI unit of force - it equals 1,000 pounds-force
  • 1 kip = 4448.2216 Newtons (N) = 4.4482216 kilonewtons (kN)

Frequency

  • 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec

Heat flow rate

  • 1 Btu/sec = 1055.1 W
  • 1 kW (kJ/s) = 102.0 kpm/s = 859.9 kcal/h = 3413 Btu/h = 1.360 hk = 1.341 hp = 738 ft lb/s = 1000 J/s = 3.6x106 J/h
  • 1 kpm/s = 9.8067x10-3 kW = 8.432 kcal/h = 32.47 Btu/h = 0.01333 hk = 0.01316 hp = 7.237 ft lb/s
  • 1 kcal/h = 1.163x10-3 kW = 0.1186 kpm/s = 3.969 Btu/h = 1.582x10-3 hk = 1.560x10-3 hp = 0.8583 ft lb/s
  • 1 Btu/h = 2.931x10-4 kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986x10-4 hk = 3.939x10-4 hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
  • 1 kcal/h = 1.16x10-3 kW
  • 1 hk (metric horse power) = 0.735499 kW = 75.00 kpm/s = 632.5 kcal/h = 2510 Btu/h = 0.9863 hp = 542.8 ft lb/s
  • 1 hp = 0.74570 kW = 76.04 kpm/s = 641.2 kcal/h = 2545 Btu/h = 1.014 hk = 550.3 ft lb/s
  • 1 ft lb/s = 1.35501 kW = 0.1382 kpm/s = 1.165 kcal/h = 4.625 Btu/h = 1.843x10-3 hk = 1.817x10-3 hp
  • 1 ton of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min

Heat flux

  • 1 Btu/(ft2 h) = 3.1525 W/m2 = 0.000271 kCal/(cm2 h)
  • 1 kCal/(cm2 h) = 11587 W/m2 = 3690 Btu/(ft2 h)

Heat generation per unit volume

  • 1 Btu/ft3 = 8.9 kcal/m3 = 3.73x104 J/m3
  • 1 Btu/ft3 h = 10.343 W/m3
  • 1 kcal/m3 = 0.112 Btu/ft3

Heat generation per unit mass

  • 1 Btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg = 2326 J/kg
  • 1 kcal/kg = 1.800 Btu/lb

Heat transfer coefficient

  • 1 Btu/(ft2 h oF) = 5.678 W/(m2 K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m2 oC)
  • 1 W/(m2 K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 0.1761 Btu/(ft2 h oF)
  • 1 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 1.163 W/(m2 K) = 0.205 Btu/(ft2 h oF)

Hydraulic Gradients

  • 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0.44 psi/100 ft = 9.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH2O/100 m
  • 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m

Inductance

  • abhenry = 1x10-9 henry
  • nery = 1x109 abhenry = 0.9995 henry (Int) = 1000 millihenry = 1.113x10-12 stathenry

Information Storage

  • 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
  • 1 byte = 8 bit

Length

feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,
  • 1 m (meter) = 3.280839895 ft (International) = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214x10-4 mile = 3.28083333333 ft (U.S. Survey)
  • 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
  • 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578x10-5 mile
  • 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894x10-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
  • 1 ft (U.S. Survey) = 1.000002 ft (International)
  • 1 ft (International) = 0.999998 ft (U.S. Survey)
  • 1 mm = 10-3 m
  • 1 cm = 10-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1x108 Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1x10-5 kilometer = 0.0497 link (Gunter) = 0.0328 (Ramden)  = 10000 micrometer = 10000 micron = 5.3996x10-6 mile (naut) = 6.2137x10-6 mile (US statute) = 10 millimeter = 1x107 millimicron = 393.7 mil = 2.371 picas (printers) 28.4528 point (printers) = 0.00199 rod (US Survey) = 0.01094 yard
  • 1 mm = 0.03937 in = 1000 micron
  • 1 Aangstrom = 1 Å = 10-10 m = 1x10-8 cm = 3.937x10-9 inch = 1x10-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
  • 1 fermis (nuclear size) = 1 fm = 10-15 m
  • 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1609.3 m = 63346 in = 5280 ft = 1760 yd
  • 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
  • 1 nm (nautical mile, sea mile) = 1852 metres = 1.151 mile = 6076.1 feet = 0.016667 degree of latitude
  • 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682x10-4 mile
  • 1 Furlong = 660 feet = 40 rods = 1/8 mile
  • 1 rod = 5.5 yards = 1 pole = 1 perch = 16 1/2 ft = 5.029 m
  • 1 land league = 3 miles
  • 1 Fathom = 6 feet = 1.828804 meters
  • 1 Astronomical Unit = Average Distance between the Earth and the Sun = 1.495978x1011 m
  • 1 cable (UK) = 0.00167 degree latitude = 185.37 meter
  • 1 cable length (US Survey) = 120 fathom (US Survey) = 720 foot (U.S. Survey) = 219.456 meter
  • 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
  • 1 chain (Gunter or U.S. Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (U.S. Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (U.S. Survey) = 792 inch (U.S. Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (U.S. Survey) = 22 yard (U.S. Survey)
  • 1 engineer's chain = 100 ft = 100 links = 30.48 m
  • 1 light year = 63241.08 Astronomical Units (AU) = 9.46053x1015 m = 5.8786x1012 mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec
  • 1 parsec (pc) = the distance at which one AU would subtend a second of arc = 3.085678 x 1016 m = 3.261633 ly = 206265 AU

Luminous Emittance (Illuminance)

  • 1 lumen/sq ft = 1 foot candle = 1x104 lux = 1 phot
  • 1 lux = 0.0929 foot candle = 1 lumen /sq meter = 0.0001 phot

Luminous Flux

  • 1 candle power = 12.566 lumen
  • 1 lumen = 1 candela steradian = 0.07958 candle power (spherical) = 0.0015 watt

Luminous Intensity

  • 1 candela = 1.091 hefner candle (Germ) = 1 lumen/steradian

Magnetic Flux Density

  • 1 gamma flux = 1x10-5 gauss =  1 x10-6 gram = 1 microgram = 1x10-9 tesla
  • 1 gauss = 0.9997 gauss (Int) = 1x105 gamma = 1 gilbert/cm = 1 maxwell/sq cm = 1 line/sq cm = 6.4516 line/sq inch = 1x10-4 tesla  = 1x10-8weber/sq cm = 6.452x10-8 weber/sq inch = 1x10-4 weber/sq meter

Magnitude of a Physical Quantity (Power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level)

  • 1 bel = 10 decibel
  • 1 decibel = 0.1 bel

Mass, Weight

  • the difference between mass and weight
pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce mass, pound mass (lbm), slug, tonne
  • 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521x10-2 slug
  • 1 lbm = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
  • 1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.174 lbm
  • 1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g
  • 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
  • 1 qt = 0.9464 liters
  • 1 metric ton (or tonne) = 1 tonne métrique = 1000 kg = 106 g = 109 mg = 1.10231131 short tons 
  • 1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.18474  kg
  • 1 long ton = 2240 pounds = 1,016.0469088 kg
  • 1 oz (ounce) = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains = 0.0625 lb = 0.0000279 long ton (UK) = 0.00003125 long ton (US) = 0.000558 long hundredweight (UK) = 0.000625 long hundredweight (US) = 0.004464 stone = 16 dram
  • 1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces
  • 1 troy ounce = 1/12 troy pound = 31.1034768 grams = 480 grains
  • 1 scruple = 20 grains
  • 1 dram = 3 scruples
  • 1 apothecary ounce = 8 drams
  • 1 apothecary pound = 12 apothecary ounces
  • 1 pennyweight = 24 grains
  • 1 Gal. H2O = 8.33 Lbs. H2O
  • 1 cental (US) = 45.359 kilogram = 100 pound
  • 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
  • 1 hectogram = 100 gram = 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) = 0.2205 pound (avdp)
  • 1 u (atomic mass) = 1/12 atomic mass units of with the carbon-12 atom (definition of atomic mass) = 1.66054 x 10-27 kg = 931.494 MeV
  • Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Mass flow rate

  • 1 lb/h = 1.26x10-4 kg/s
  • 1 lb/s = 0.4536 kg/s
  • 1 lb/min = 7.56x10-3 kg/s = 27.216 kg/h
  • 1 kg/s = 3,600 kg/h = 132.28 lb/min
  • 1 kg/h = 2.778x10-4 kg/s = 3.67x10-2 lb/min

Moment of Inertia

  • 1 kg m2 = 10000 kg cm2 = 54675 ounce in2 = 3417.2 lb in2 = 23.73 lb ft2

Nautical Measure

  • 1 league = 3 nautical miles
  • 1 nautical mile = 6067.10 feet = 1.1508 statute miles 
  • 1 knot (nautical unit of speed) = 1 nautical mile per hour
  • one degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69.047 statute miles
  • 360 degrees = 21600 nautical miles = 24856.8 statute miles = circumference at equator

Power

horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second
  • 1 W = 1 kg m2/s3 = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s = 10000000 ergs per second
  • 1 kW = 1000 Watts = 3412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 103/9.80665 kgf m/s = 737.6 ft lbf/s = 103/(9.80665 75) metric hp
  • 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2545 Btu/h = 33000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
  • 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416x105 calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412x105calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069x105 calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie (IST)/min = 10678 calorie (mean)/min = 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) = 7.457x109 erg/sec = 1980000 foot pound-force/hr = 33000 foot pound-force/min = 550 foot pound-force/sec = 0.076 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9996 horsepower (electric) = 1.0139 horsepower (metric) = 745.7 joule/sec = 0.7457 kilowatt = 0.7456 kilowatt (Int) = 0.212 ton of refrigeration = 745.7 watt
  • 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) = 140469.4 calorie (mean)/min = 140742.3 calorie (20oC)/min 9.8095x1010 erg/sec = 434107 foot-pound-force/min = 13.1548 horsepower (mech) = 13.1495 horsepower (electric) = 13.3372 horsepower (metric) = 13.1487 horsepower (water) = 9809.5 joule/sec = 9.8095 kilowatt
  • 1 horsepower (electric) =  2547.16 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2545.46  Btu (IST)/hr = 2543.49 Btu (mean)/hr = 178.298 calorie/sec (thermo) = 641.87 calorie, kg/hr (thermo) = 7.46x109 erg/sec = 33013 foot pound-force/min = 550.2 foot pound-force/sec = 1.0004 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.01428 horsepower (metric) = 0.99994 horsepower (water) = 746 joule/sec = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watt
  • 1 horsepower (metric) = 2511.3 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2509.6 Btu (IST)/hr = 2507.7 Btu (mean)/hr = 6.328x105 calorie/hr (thermo) = 6.324x105calorie (IST)/hr = 6.319x105 calorie (mean)/hr = 7.35x109 ergs/sec = 32548.6 foot pound-force/min = 542.476 foot pound-force/sec = 0.9863 horsepower (mech) = 0.07498 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9859 horsepower (electric) = 0.98587 horsepower (water) = 75 kg-force meter/sec (kg m/s) = 0.7355 kilowatt =   735.499 W = 75 kg m/s
  • 1 horsepower (water) = 33015 foot pound-force/min = 1.00046 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.00006 horsepower (electric) = 1.01434 horsepower (metric) = 0.746043 kilowatt
  • 1 refrigeration Ton = 12000 Btu/h cooling = 3.516 kW = 3025.9 k Calories/h
  • 1 cooling tower Ton = 15000 Btu/h = 3782 k Calories/h
  • 1 ft lb/s = 1.3558 W
  • 1 Btu/s = 1055.1 W
  • 1 Btu/h = 1 Btuh = 0.293 W = 0.001 MBH
  • 1 cheval vapeur (French) = 0.98632 horsepower

Power per unit area

  • 1 W/m2 = 0.3170 Btu/(h ft2) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m2)

Pressure

atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/centimeter2, inch of mercury, inch of water, kgf/centimeter2, kgf/meter2, lbf/foot2, lbf/inch2 (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr, newton/meter2
  • Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H2O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
  • 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10-4 lb/in2 = 1x10-5 bar = 4.03x10-3 in water = 0.336x10-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295x10-3 in mercury = 7.55x10-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kp/m2 = 0.993x10-5 atm
  • 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2)
  • 1 N/mm2 = 106 Pa = 10 bar = 1.020x105 kp/m2 = 102.0 m H2O = 9.869 atm = 145.0 psi (lbf/in2)
  • 1 mmHg = 1 torr = 0.01934 lb/in2
  • 1 atm = 101,325 Pa (N/m2) = 1.013x102 kN/m2 = 1.033x104 kp/m2 = 1.033 kp/cm2 = 1.013 bar = 14.696 psi (lb/in2) = 407.1 in H2O at 62 0F (16.7 oC) = 33.9 ft H2O at 62 0F (16.7 oC) = 10.33 m H2O at 62 0F (16.7 oC) = 29.92 in mercury at 62 0F (16.7 oC) = 760 mm mercury at 62 0F (16.7 oC) = 760 torr
  • 1 bar = 1x105 Pa (N/m2) = 0.1 N/mm2 = 10197 kp/m2 = 10.20 m H2O = 0.98692 atm = 14.5038 psi (lbf/in2) = 1x106 dyne/sq cm = 750 mmHg = 1x106 barye (French) = 75.0062 cm Hg (0oC) = 33.4883 ft H2O (60oF) = 1019.72 gram-force/sq cm = 29.530 in Hg (32oF) = 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm = 1000 millibar = 2088.54 pound-force/sq foot
  • 1 kp/m2 = 9.81 Pa (N/m2) = 9.807x10-6 N/mm2 = 10-3 m H2O = 1 mm H2O = 0.9681x10-4 atm = 1.422x10-3 psi (lb/in2) = 0.0394 in H2O = 0.0736 mm mercury
  • 1 psi (lb/in2) = 144 psf (lbf/ft2) = 6894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H2O = 16 ounces
  • 1 psf (lbf/ft2) = 47.88 N/m2 (Pa) = 0.006944 lbf/in2 (psi)
  • 1 dyn/cm2 = 145.04x10-7 lbf/in2
  • 1 in mercury (Hg) = 3,376.8 N/m2= 0.49 lb/in2 = 12.8 in water
  • 1 Ounce = 1.73 In.W.C.
  • 1 Ft.H2O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
  • 1 in water (in H2O) = 248.8 N/m2 (Pa) = 0.0361 lb/in2 (psi) = 25.4 kg/m2 = 0.0739 in mercury (in Hg)
  • 1 m H2O = 9806.7 Pa = 9.807x10-3 N/mm2 = 0.0987 bar = 1000 kp/m2 = 0.09678 atm = 1.422 psi (lbf/in2)
  • 1 mm water = 9.81 Pa (N/m2) = 1 kg/m2 = 0.0736 mm mercury = 0.9677x10-4 atm
  • 1 mm mercury = 0.0193 lb/in2 (psi) = 133 N/m2 = 12.8 mm water
  • 1 barye (French) = 1.0 dyne/sq cm = 0.10 newton/sq meter = 0.10 Pascal
Note! When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm Water, in Water, mm Hg ...) - be aware that densities of liquids varies with temperature. For more exact conversions consult temperature density sources for the actual liquids.      

Radioactivity

  • 1 becquerel = amount of material which will produce 1 nuclear decay per second = 2.7027x10-11 curie = 1 disintegration/sec
  • 1 curie = amount of material that will produce 3.7 x 1010 nuclear decays per second = 3.7 x 1010 becquerels

Resistance, Electrical

  • 1 abohm = 1x10-15 megohm = 0.001 microohm = 1x10-9 ohm

Rotation

revolutions,
  • 1 r/min (rpm) = 0.01667 r/s = 0.105 rad/s
  • 1 r/s = 60 r/min = 6.28 rad/s
  • 1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)

Specific energy, enthalpy, entropy

  • 1 Btu/lbm = 2326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg = 778.2 ft lbf / lbm = 3.9 10-4 hp hr / lbm = 5.4 lbf/in2 / lbm/ft3 = 0.237 kp m / g = 5.56 10-4 kcal/g = 2.326 kJ/kg
  • 1 J/kg = 4.299x10-4 Btu/lbm = 2.388x10-4 kcal/kg
  • 1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lbm = 4187 J/kg

Specific Heat

  • 1 J/(kg K) = 2.389x10-4 kcal/(kg oC) = 2.389x10-4 Btu/(lbm oF)
  • 1 kJ/(kg K) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg oC) = 0.2389 Btu/(lbm oF)
  • 1 Btu/(lbm oF) = 4186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 kcal/(kg oC)
  • 1 kcal/(kg oC) = 4186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 Btu/(lbm oF)

Specific Energy

  • 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm = 0.23884 kcal/kg
  • 1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
  • 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lbm

Specific Volume

  • 1 m3/kg = 16.02 ft3/lbm = 27680 in3/lbm = 119.8 US gal/lbm = 1000 liter/kg
  • 1 liter/kg = 0.016 ft3/lbm = 27.7 in3/lbm = 0.12 US gal/lbm = 0.001 m3/kg
  • 1 ft3/lbm = 1728 in3/lbm = 7.48 US gal/lbm = 62.43 liter/kg = 0.062 m3/kg
  • 1 in3/lbm = 0.00058 ft3/lbm = 0.0043 US gal/lbm = 0.036 liter/kg = 0.000036 m3/kg
  • 1 US gal/lbm = 0.134 ft3/lbm = 231 in3/lbm = 8.35 liter/kg = 0.0083 m3/kg

Stress

  • 1 psi (lb/in2) = 144 psf (lbf/ft2)= 6894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2
  • 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10-4 lb/in2

Surveyor's Measure

  • 1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains
  • 1furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards
  • 1 chain = 4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links
  • 1 link = 7.92 inches

Temperature

celsius, rankine, kelvin, centigrade, fahrenheit,
  • 1 oC (dt) = 1.8 oF (dt ) - temperature difference
  • 1 oF (dt) = 0.555 oC (dt) - temperature difference
  • 0 oC corresponds to 32 oF, 273.16 K and 491.69 R
  • 1 oR = 5/9 K
  • T(oF) = [T(oC)](9/5) + 32
  • T(oF) = [T(K) - 273.15](9/5) + 32
  • T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]

Thermal Conductivity

  • 1 W/(m K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h oF)
  • 1 Btu/(ft h oF) = 1.731 W/(m K) = 1.488 kcal/(h m oC)
  • 1 kcal/(h m oC) = 1.163 W/(m K) = 0.6720 Btu/(ft h oF)

Thermal Diffusivity

  • 1 ft2 /s = 0.0929 m2/s
  • 1 ft2 /h = 2.581x10-5 m2/s

Thermal resistance

  • 1 (h oF)/Btu = 1.8958 K/W

Time

year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond
  • 1 h = 3600 s = 60 min
  • 1 ms (millisecond) = 10-3 s
  • 1 μs (microsecond) = 10-6 s
  • 1 ns (nanosecond) = 10-9 s
  • 1 day (mean solar) = 1.0027379 day (sidereal) = 24 hour (mean solar) = 24.06571 hour (sidereal) = 0.0027397 year (calendar) = 0.002738 year (sidereal) = 0.002738 year (tropical)
  • 1 second = 9192631770 cycles of the standard Cs-133 transition (the definition of the second)

Torque, Moment

foot-pound torque, newton-meter
  • 1 ft lb = 1.356 Nm

Velocity, Speed

foot/second, inch/second, meter/second, kilometer/hour, knot, mile/hour,nautical mile per hour
  • 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
  • 1 ft/min = 5.08x10-3 m/s = 0.0183 km/h = 0.0114 mph
  • 1 mph = 0.44703 m/s = 1.609 km/h = 88 ft/min = 5280 ft/hr = 1.467 Ft./sec. = 0.8684 knots
  • 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
  • 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 54.68 ft/min = 0.6214 mph = 0.5396 knot
  • 1 knot (nautical mile per hour) = 0.514444444 m/s = 1.852 kilometers per hour = 1.1515 miles per hour= 1 nautical miles per hour
  • 1 League = 3.0 Miles
  • 1 cm/sec = 1.9685 foot/min = 0.0328 foot/sec = 0.036 km/hr = 0.0194 knots (Int) = 0.6 meter/min = 0.02237 mile/hr = 0.000373 mile/min 

Viscosity Dynamic

  • 1 lb/(ft s) = 1.4879 Pa s = 14.88 P = 1488 cP = 0.1517 (kp s)/m2
  • 1 cP (Centipoise) = 10-3 Pa s = 0.01 Poise = 1.020x10-4 kp s/m2 = 6.721x10-4 lb/(ft s) = 0.00100 (N s)/m2 = 0.01 gram/(cm sec) = 2.4191 lb/(ft hr)
  • 1 kg/(m s ) = 1 (N s)/m2 = 0.6720 lbm/(ft s) = 10 Poise
  • 1 P (Poise) = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 1.020x10-2 kp s/m2 = 6.721x10-2 lb/(ft s) = 0.1 kg/ms
  • 1 Pa s (N s/m2) = 10 P (Poise) = 103 cP = 0.1020 kp s/m2 = 0.6721 lb/(ft s)
  • 1 kp s/m2 = 9.80665 Pa s = 98.07 P = 9,807 cP = 6.591 lb/(ft s)
  • 1 reyns = 1 1bf s/in2 = 6894.76 Pa s
  • Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP), Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Viscosity Kinematic

  • 1 ft2/s = 0.0929 m2/s
  • 1 ft2/ h = 2.581x10-5m2/s
  • 1 St (Stokes) = 1x10-4 m2/s = 100 cSt = 1.076x10-3 ft2/s
  • 1 m2/s = 104 St = 106 cSt = 10.764 ft2/s= 38750 ft2/h
  • 1 cSt (Centistoke) = 10-6 m2/s = 0.01 Stokes = 1.076x10-5 ft2/s = 1 square mm/sec

Volume

barrel, gallon, cubic centimeter (cm3), cubic feet (foot3), cubic inch (inch3), cubic meter (meter3), cubic yard (yard3), quarts, liters, acre foot, board foot, bushel, cord, cup, dram, fluid ounce, peck, pint, quart, tablespoon, teaspoon,
  • 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3= 28.32 dm3 = 0.03704 yd3 = 6.229 Imp. gal (UK) = 7.481 gal (US) = 1,728 cu inch = 2.296x10-5 acre foot = 12 board foot (timber) = 0.7786 bushel (UK) = 0.8036 bushel (US, dry) = 0.00781 cord (firewood) = 0.0625 cord foot (timber) = 28316.8 cu centimeter = 6.42851 gallon (US, dry) = 7.48052 gallon (US, liq) = 28.3168 liter = 996.614 ounce (UK, liq) = 957.506 ounce (US, liq) = 51.4281 pint (US, dry) = 59.84442 pint (US, liq) = 25.714 quart (US, dry) = 29.922 quart (US, liq)
  • 1 in3 = 1.6387x10-5 m3 = 1.639x10-2 dm3 (liter) = 16.39 cm3 = 16390 mm3 = 0.000579 ft3
  • 1 Gallon (U.S.) = 3.785x10-3 m3 = 3.785 dm3 (liter) = 231 in3 = 0.13368 ft3 = 4.951x10-3 yd3 = 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK) = 4 Quarts = 8 Pints
  • 1 Imp. gallon (UK) = 4.546x10-3 m3 = 4.546 dm3 = 0.1605 ft3 = 5.946x10-3 yd3 = 1.201 gal (US)
  • 1 dm3 (Liter) = 10-3 m3 = 0.03532 ft3 = 1.308x10-3 yd3 = 0.220 Imp gal (UK) = 0.2642 Gallons (US) = 1.057 Quarts = 2.113 Pints
  • 1 yd3 = 0.7646 m3 = 764.6 dm3 = 27 ft3 = 168.2 Imp. gal (UK) = 202.0 gal (US) = 46,656 Cu.In. = 1616 Pints = 807.9 Quarts = 764.6 Liters
  • 1 pint (pt) = 0.568 dm3 (liter) = 16 fl. oz. (fluid ounce) = 28.88 in3
  • 1 km3 = 109 m3 = 1012 dm3 (liter) = 1015 cm3 = 1018 mm3
  • 1 cm3 = 0.061 in3 = 0.00042 board foot = 2.7496x10-5 bushel (UK) = 2.8378x10-5 bushel (US, dry) = 3.5315x10-5 cu foot = 0.06102 cu inch = 1x10-6 cu meter = 1.308x10-6 cu yard = 0.28156 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.27051 dram (US, liq) = 0.000227 gallon (UK) = 0.00027 gallon (US, dry) = 0.000264 gallon (US, liq) = 0.0074 gill (UK) = 0.00845 gill (US) = 0.001 liter = 0.035195 ounce (UK, liq) = 0.033814 ounce (US, liq) = 0.00182 pint (US, dry) = 0.00211 pint (US, liq) = 0.00088 quart (UK) = 0.00091 quart (US, dry) = 0.00106 quart (US, liq)
  • 1 m3 = 103 dm3 (liter) = 35.31 ft3 = 1.3093 yd3 = 220.0 Imp. gal (UK) = 264.2 gal (US) = 61023 Cu.In. = 35.31 Cu.Ft = 0.1 decistere
  • 1 Hogshead = 63 gallon = 8.42184 Cu.Ft
  • 1 barrel (UK) = 1.5 bag (UK) = 1.41541 barrel (US, dry) = 1.37251 barrel (US, liq) = 4.5 bushel (UK) = 4.64426 bushel (US, dry) = 5.77957 cu ft = 0.16366 cu meter =  36 gallon (UK) = 163.6592 liter
  • 1 barrel beer = 31.5 gallons beer
  • 1 barrel whiskey = 45 gallons whiskey
  • 1 barrel (US, oil) = 1.33 barrel (US, liq) = 5.61458 cu foot = 42 gallons (US, liq) = 158.9873 liter
  • 1 barrel (US, dry) = 0.969696 barrel (US, liq) = 3.28122 bushel (US, dry) = 4.0833 cu ft = 7056 cu inch = 0.11563 cu meter = 104.999 quart (US, dry)
  • 1 barrel (US, liq) = 1.03125 barrel (US, dry) = 0.75 barrel (US, oil) = 4.2109 cu foot = 7276.5 cu inch = 0.11924 cu meter = 26.22924 gallon (UK) = 31.5 gallon (US, liq) = 119.24 liter =
  • 1 bushel = 1.2445 Cu.Ft. = 32 Quarts (Dry) = 64 Pints (dry) = 4 Pecks
  • 1 bushel (UK) = 0.3333 bag (UK) = 1.03206 bushel (US) = 36368.7 cu cm = 1.28435 cu foot = 2219 cu inch = 8 gallon (UK) =  36.3687 liter
  • 1 bushel (US, dry) = 0.30476 barrel (US, dry) = 0.96894 bushel (UK) = 35239.07 cu cm = 1.24446 cu foot = 2150.42 cu inch = 0.03524 cu meter 0.04609 cu yard = 8 gallon (US, dry) = 9.30918 gallon (US, liq) = 35.23907 liter = 1191.57 ounce (US, liq) = 4 peck (US) = 64 pint (US, dry) = 32 quart (US, dry) = 37.23671 quart (US, liq) 
  • 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 57.75 in3 = 1/8 dry quarts
  • 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 2 tablespoons = 1.805 in3 = 29.574 milliliters
  • 1 cord (firewood) = 128 cu foot = 8 cord foot (timber) = 3.6246 cu meter
  • 1 cord foot (timber) = 0.125 cord (firewood) = 16 cu foot
  • 1 peck = 8 dry quarts
  • 1 cup = 8 fl.oz. (fluid ounce)
  • 1 cup (metric) = 200 milliliter
  • 1 cup, tea = 0.25 pint = 142.06 milliliter
  • 1 board foot = piece of lumber 1 foot wide x 1 foot long x 1 inch thick = 2359.74 cu cm = 0.083333 cu foot = 144 cu inch
  • 1 acre foot = 43560 cu foot = 1233.482 cu meter = 1613.33 cu yard = 3.259x105 gallon (US liquid)
  • 1 acre inch = 3630 cu foot = 102.7901531 cu meter = 134.44 cu yard = 27154.286 gallon (US)
  • 1 bucket (UK) = 18184.35 cu cm = 4 gallon (UK)
  • 1 butt (UK. liq) = 16.2549 bushel (US) = 20.2285 cu foot = 0.57281 cu meter = 151.3197 gallon (US)
  • 1 chaldron (UK, liq) = 36 bushel (UK)
  • 1 dram (US, liq) = 3.6967 cu cm = 0.225586 cu inch = 1.04084 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.03125 gill (US) = 3.69669 millimeter = 60 minim (US) = 0.125 ounce (US, liq) = 0.0078125 pint (US, liq)
  • 1 fifth (US, liq) = 17.067 jigger (US, liq) = 0.75708 liter = 25.6 ounce (US, liq) = 1.6 pint (US, liq) = 25.6 pony (US, liq) = 0.8 quartt (US, liq) = 25.6 shot (US, liq)
  • 1 firkin (UK) = 1.125 bushel (UK) =  40914.8 cu cm = 1.44489 cu foot = 1.20095 firkin (US) = 9 gallon (UK) = 40.91481 liter = 72 pint (UK)
  • 1 hectoliter = 2.7496 bushel (UK) = 2.8378 bushel (US, dry) = 1x105 cu cm = 3.5315 cu foot = 26.417 gallon (US, liq) = 100 liter = 3381.4 ounce (US, liq) = 11.351 peck (US)

Volume Flow

  • 1 dm3/s (kg/s water) = 13.20 Imp. gal (UK)/min
  • 1 m3/s = 3600 m3/h = 1000 dm3(liter)/s = 35.32 ft3/s = 2118.9 ft3/min = 13200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15852 gal (US)/min
  • 1 m3/h = 2.7778x10-4 m3/s = 0.2778 dm3(litre)/s = 9.810x10-3 ft3/s = 0.5886 ft3/min (cfm) = 3.667 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 4.403 gal (US)/min
  • 1 m3/h = 103 dm3(litre)/h = 16.67 dm3(litre)/min = 0.27878 dm3(litre)/s
  • 1 ft3/min = 1.7 m3/h = 0.47 l/s = 62.43 Lbs.H2O/Min.
  • 1 dm3(litre)/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
  • 1 dm3(litre)/s = 60 litre/min = 3600 litre/h
  • 1 ft3/s = 0.0283168 m3/s = 101.9 m3/h = 28.32 dm3(litre)/s = 60 ft3/min = 373.7 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 448.9 gal (US)/min
  • 1 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 7.57682x10-5 m3/s = 0.273 m3/h = 0.0758 dm3(litre)/s = 2.675x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1605 ft3/min = 1.201 gal (US)/min
  • 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min

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Density of some common metals and alloys

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The density of some common metals and alloys are indicated in the table below:
Metal or AlloyDensity
(kg/m3)
Actinium10070
Admiralty Brass8525
Aluminum2712
Aluminum - melted2560 - 2640
Aluminum - 11002720
Aluminum - 60612720
Aluminum - 70502800
Aluminum - 71782830
Aluminum bronze (3-10% Al)7700 - 8700
Aluminum foil2700 -2750
Antifriction metal9130 -10600
Antimony6690
Babbitt7272
Barium3594
Beryllium1840
Beryllium copper8100 - 8250
Bismuth9750
Brass - casting8400 - 8700
Brass - rolled and drawn8430 - 8730
Brass 60/408520
Bronze - lead7700 - 8700
Bronze - phosphorous8780 - 8920
Bronze (8-14% Sn)7400 - 8900
Brushed metal7860
Cadmium8640
Caesium1873
Calcium1540
Cast iron6800 - 7800
Cerium6770
Chemical Lead11340
Chromium7190
Cobalt8746
Constantan8920
Columbium8600
Constantan8880
Copper8940
Cupronickel8908 - 8940
Delta metal8600
Duralumin2790
Electrum8400 - 8900
Eroded metal7860
Europium5243
Gallium5907
Germanium5323
Gold19320
Hafnium13310
Hatelloy9245
Indium7310
Inconel8497
Incoloy8027
Iridium22650
Iron7850
Lanthanum6145
Lead11340
Light alloy based on Al2560 - 2800
Light alloy based on Mg1760 - 1870
Lithium534
Magnesium1738
Manganese7440
Manganese Bronze8359
Manganin8500
Mercury13593
Molybdenum10188
Monel8360 - 8840
Neodymium7007
Nichrome8400
Nickel8908
Nickel 208090
Nickel 2008890
Nickel silver8400 - 8900
Nickeline8770
Nimonic8100
Niobium8570
Osmium22610
Palladium12160
Phosphor bronze8900
Platinum21400
Plutonium19816
Red Brass8746
Silver10490
Sodium971
Solder 50/50 Pb Sn8885
Stainless Steel 7480 - 8000
Steel7850
Tin7280
Titanium4500
Tungsten19600
Uranium18900
Vanadium5494
White metal7100
Wrought Iron7750
Zinc7135
Zirconium6570
Yellow Brass8470
  • 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/ft3 = 0.000036127 lb/in3

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Monday, July 25, 2016

Types of Bricks

12:41:00 AM    No comments


There are different types of bricks available on the market used for various kinds of purposes. These bricks can be categorized under various headings and subheadings on different basis. The various classifications of types of bricks are briefly discussed below.
Classification based on method of manufacturing

Bricks can broadly be categorized into two types as follows on the basis of how its manufactured:
Unburnt or sun-dried bricks
Burnt bricks
Unburnt bricks

Unburnt bricks or sun-dried bricks are the types which are dried with the help of heat received from sun after the process of moulding. These bricks can only be used in the construction of temporary and cheap structures. Such bricks should not be used at places exposed to heavy rains.
Burnt Bricks

Burnt bricks are prepared by burning the brick-mould in the kiln inside the factory. These are the most commonly used bricks for construction works. They can be further classified into following four categories:
First class bricks

These bricks are table-moulded and of standard shape and they are burnt in kilns. The surfaces and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and straight. They comply with all the qualities of good bricks. These bricks are used for superior work of permanent nature.
Second class brick

These bricks are ground-moulded and they are burnt in kilns. The surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also slightly irregular. These bricks may have hair cracks and their edges may not be sharp and uniform. These bricks are commonly used at places where brickwork is to be provided with a coat of plaster.
Third class bricks

These bricks are ground-moulded and they are moulded in kilns. These bricks are not hard and they have rough surfaces with irregular and distorted edges. These bricks give dull sound when struck together. They are used for unimportant and temporary structures and at places where rainfall is not heavy.
Fourth class bricks

These are over-burnt type of brick with irregular shape and dark colour. These bricks are used as aggregate for concrete in foundations, floors, roads, etc. because of the fact that the over-burnt bricks have a compact structure and hence they are sometimes found to be stronger than even the first class bricks.
Classification based on shape

The ordinary bricks are rectangular solids. But sometimes the bricks are given different shapes to make them suitable for particular type of construction. Here we have enlisted different types of bricksavailable with various shapes:
Bullnose brick: A brick moulded with a rounded angle is termed as a bullnose. This type of brick is used for a rounded quoin. A connection which is formed when a wall takes a turn is known as quoin. The centre of the curved position is situated on the long centre-line of brick.
Channel bricks: These types of bricks are moulded to the shape of a gutter or a channel and they are often glazed. These bricks are used to function as drains.
Coping bricks: These bricks are made to suit the thickness of walls on which coping is to be provided. Such bricks take various forms such as chamfered, half round or saddle-back.
Cownose bricks: A brick moulded with a double bullnose on end is known as a cownose.
Curved sector bricks: These bricks are in the form of curved sector and they are used in the construction of circular brick masonry pillar, brick chimneys, etc.
Hollow bricks: These are also known as the cellular or cavity bricks. Such bricks have wall thickness of about 20mm to 25mm. They are prepared from special homogeneous clay. They are light in weight about one-third the weight of the ordinary brick of the same size. These types of bricks can be laid almost about four times as fast as the ordinary bricks and thus the use of such bricks leads to speedy construction. They also reduce the transmission of heat, sound and damp. They are used in the construction of partitioning.
Paving bricks: These bricks are prepared from clay containing a higher percentage of iron. The excess iron vitrifies the bricks at a low temperature. Such bricks resist better the abrasive action of traffic. The paving bricks may be plain or chequered. These bricks are extensively used for garden walks, street pavements, stable floors, etc. These types of bricks also render the floor less slippery.
Perforated bricks: These bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout their thickness. These bricks are light in weight and they require less quantity of clay for their preparation. The drying and burning of these bricks are also easy. If perforated bricks of large size are used, it will result in the increase of output of mason. The perorated bricks are used in the construction of panels for lightweight structures and multi-storeyed framed structures. They may be circular, square rectangular or any other regular shape in cross-section. The distance between the side of brick and edge of perforation should not be less than 15mm. The distance between the edges of successive perforations should preferably be not less than 10mm. The water absorption after immersion for 24 hours in water should not exceed 15 percent by weight. The compressive strength of perforated bricks should not be less than 7 N/mm2 on gross area.
Purpose-made bricks: In order to achieve certain purpose, these types of bricks are made. The splay or cant bricks are made for jambs of doors and windows. The arch bricks are made of wedge shape to keep mortar joint of uniform thickness. The ornamental bricks are prepared for corbels, cornices, etc. Similarly, engineering bricks are prepared for constructions where high durability, compression strength and adequate resistance to sudden shocks are required. Thesetypes of bricks are usually more costly than the ordinary bricks. But they grant safe, clean and quick construction. Hence, their cost is justified by their excellent performance in situation for which they are purposely prepared.
Credit
http://www.civileblog.com/

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Saturday, July 23, 2016

Preparation of Bar Bending Schedule

1:16:00 AM  , ,  No comments

Preparation of Bar Bending Schedule
Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars, vis-à-vis, a given RCC work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table summarizes all the needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending, length of each bent and straight portions, angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.
Figure 1 depicts the shape and proportions of hooks and bends in the reinforcement bars – these are standard proportions that are adhered to:

(a) Length of one hook = (4d ) + [(4d+ d )] – where, (4d+ d ) refers to the curved portion = 9d.
(b) The additional length (la) that is introduced in the simple, straight end-to-end length of a reinforcement bar due to being bent up at  say 30o to 60o, but it is generally 45o) = l1 – l2 = la
Where,

Fig: Hooks and bends in Reinforcement

Giving different values to,respectively), 
we get different values of la, as tabulated below:

Figure 2 presents the procedure to arrive at the length of hooks and the total length of a given steel reinforcement.

Fig: Typical Bar Bending Schedule

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